La Dimensión Humana / The Human Dimension

The world’s major coral reef science meeting, the International Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS), is held every 4 years. The ICRS is devoted to the best reef science available, with the purpose of sharing scientific findings with government agencies, resource management, and non-government organizations throughout the world. From July 7 to 11 over 2,000 coral reef researchers, managers, students and other stakeholders will participate in 26 mini-symposia. The overall theme for the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium is Reefs for the Future.

Keep posted at the ICRS website

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Posted by: M. T. Schärer-Umpierre

The swells and waves generated by a massive Atlantic Ocean storm during March 2008 (See previous blog entry) significantly impacted populations of Elkhorn coral in Puerto Rico. Following a rapid evaluation in 4 MPAs where Elkhorn corals abound, significant fragmentation, colony dislodgement and overturned colonies were documented in a report by the Puerto Rico DNER/NOAA Acropora palmata project (download 2008 report). Qualitative descriptions were made at Mona Island Natural Reserve (NR) while quantitative assessments were conducted at Arrecifes de Tourmaline NR, Arrecifes de la Cordillera NR and Tres Palmas Marine Reserve. Other surveys with similar findings were conducted in Vega Baja by Dr. E. Hernández-Delgado of the Coral Reef Research Group of the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras.

One of the main conclusions was that many Elkhorn colonies were seemingly unaffected and smaller broken fragments were already attaching to the substratum. However other fragments and some large colonies were transported by waves and currents to unsuitable habitats (e.g. sandy areas or shaded areas) where survival chances are minimal. Another impact observed was the accumulation of debris on branches of Elkhorn coral, a problem previously addressed by a community-based restoration project conducted in the Mona Channel Islands (download 2004 report). Mitigation and restoration activities to address these impacts could include debris removal by local experts, loose fragment relocation, fragment re-attachment and long-term monitoring of naturally attached fragments.

Impactos de las marejadas en poblaciones amenazadas del coral Cuerno de Alce de Puerto Rico

Las marejadas y olas generadas por la tormenta masiva en el Océano Atlántico durante marzo del 2008 (ver reseña anterior) impactaron significativamente a las poblaciones del coral Cuerno de Alce de Puerto Rico. Luego de una rápida evaluación en 4 AMP donde abunda el coral Cuerno de Alce el proyecto de Acropora palmata del DRNA de Puerto Rico y NOAA se encontró fragmentación de colonias al igual que colonias arrancadas de sus bases y volteadas (descargar el informe del 2008). Descripciones cualitativas se llevaron a cabo en la Reserva Natural de Mona, mientras datos cuantitativos se recopilaron en la RN Arrecifes de Tourmaline, RN Arrecifes de la Cordillera y la Reserva Marina Tres Palmas. Una evaluacion similar se llevó a cabo en Vega Baja por el Dr. Hernández-Delgado del Grupo de Investigaciones de Arrecifes de Coral de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Río Piedras.

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Kenneth G. Johnson, Jeremy Jackson y Ann F. Bud han publicado en el número del 14 de marzo de 2008 de la revista Science un artículo sobre el desarrollo de arrecifes en el Caribe en los últimos 28 millones de años, que tiene una enorme relevancia para la manera en la que los conservamos hoy. En síntesis, los autores concluyen que la diversidad arrecifal de la región en los dos periodos anclas, el Oligoceno Tardío y el Pleistoceno, fue diferente pero llevó al resultado de tener una gran masa de arrecifes. Por esa razón piensan que la diversidad, en esa escala temporal, no es necesariamente un factor esencial en el crecimiento y persistencia de los arrecifes. El Oligoceno Tardío se caracterizó por colonias de arrecifes masivos, mientras que el Cuaternario lo está por corales porosos y ramificados, como los Acropóridos. Uno de los argumentos del artículo es que los Acropóridos se han adaptado mejor a las grandes diferencias en las fluctuaciones del nivel del mar, por su estrategia de rápido crecimiento y fragmentación.

Kenneth G. Johnson, Jeremy Jackson and Ann F. Bud published this month in Science (March 14, 2008) an article on the Caribbean reef development over that last 28 million years. The paper has relevance to the current conservation strategies. Their argument is that high coral diversity is [in such a geologic scale] not essential for the development of reefs. In their view, the ecological characteristics are more important, again, in such a scale. There is an interesting note on the role of Acroporids in the Quartenary, and the adaptive advantages of these species to great differences in sea-level fluctuations.

Caribbean Reef Development Was Independent of Coral Diversity over 28 Million Years
Kenneth G. Johnson,1* Jeremy B. C. Jackson,2,3 Ann F. Budd4

The relationship between natural variations in coral species diversity, reef development, and ecosystem function on coral reefs is poorly understood. Recent coral diversity varies 10-fold among geographic regions, but rates of reef growth are broadly similar, suggesting that diversity is unimportant for reef development. Differences in diversity may reflect regional differences in long-term biotic history in addition to environmental conditions. Using a combination of new and published fossil and stratigraphic data, we compared changes in coral diversity and reef development within the tropical western Atlantic over the past 28 million years. Reef development was unrelated to coral diversity, and the largest reef tracts formed after extinction had reduced diversity by 50%. High diversity is thus not essential for the growth and persistence of coral reefs.

1 Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
2 Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
3 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama.
4 Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

Excerpts:

The independence of reef development from coral species diversity (Fig. 3) and the striking increase in Pleistocene reef development (Fig. 1) closely following the massive extinction of the Late Pliocene coral fauna (Fig. 2) strongly suggest that factors other than coral diversity are more important to reef building. Thus, our results support the implication of Recent biogeographic distributions of corals and coral reefs that high coral diversity is unnecessary for vigorous reef growth. Another likely example from the fossil record includes the thick Miocene reef deposits in the Mediterranean that were built by fewer than 10 species of corals (23, 24). In contrast, Kiessling observed strong positive correlations between reef diversity and the stability of reef structure, architecture, and constructional style over the entire Phanerozoic (19). However, the great differences in scale, stratigraphic and taxonomic resolution, and parameters measured between our studies complicate meaningful comparison.

Low surface productivity allowed the development of extensive Caribbean reef tracts in the Late Oligocene and Quaternary, but the structural composition of reef communities was very different in these two intervals. Late Oligocene coral framework is dominated by heavily calcified and massive coral colonies (8), whereas Quaternary communities are dominated by more porous, frond-shaped Acropora species that grow an order of magnitude faster than any other corals (33). Acropora gradually increased in abundance during the Pliocene as slower-growing Stylophora and Pocillopora species became extinct (22, 34, 35). The rise of Acropora is correlated with, and perhaps caused by, great differences in rates of sea-level fluctuations between the Late Oligocene and Quaternary (36). Exceptionally rapid growth and high rates of fragmentation by Acropora species allowed them to keep up with a sudden rise in sea level, as has occurred repeatedly during the past 1 million years (37). Acroporids were present on Oligocene reefs (8, 14, 17) but failed to achieve ecological dominance until the Pleistocene (38).

Thus, the ecological characteristics of dominant coral species are more important to reef growth and development than the simple number of species. This is all too apparent in the precipitous decline of Caribbean reef communities and reef development in relation to the extreme Caribbean-wide decline in Acropora abundance due to human disturbance (33, 39).

El Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Litoral (CIEL, UPR-Mayaguez) ha documentado el impacto de la marejada reciente causada por una tormenta en el Océano Atlántico. La documentación preparada por Carlos Carrero, Jaime Banuchi y Michelle Schärer muestra el oleaje en áreas protegidas y en zonas que deben estarlo. Un artículo de Schärer pondera sobre el impacto en especies protegidas de coral, sobre todo las Acropóridas, en Puerto Rico y el Caribe

http://amp-pr.org/ciel

The Interdisciplinary Center for Coastal Studies (CIEL, UPR-Mayaguez) documented the impact of the recent swells fueled by a storm in the Atlantic Ocean. The articles posted by Carlos Carrero, Jaime Banuchi and Michelle Schärer show the wave impacts on protected areas, and in areas with potential for protection (Isabela). A piece by Schärer also ponders on the impact of the swell on coral, and more specifically on threatened species such as the Acroporids in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean.

http://amp-pr.org/ciel

We are making a tremendous effort to demonize fishers in small-scale tropical fisheries, by blaming them for the current status of the stocks, and the loss of habitat, mainly coral reefs. However, there are other views.

Estamos haciendo un esfuerzo tremendo para demonizar a los pescadores en las pesquerías tropicales de pequeña escala, culpándolos por la condición de las pesquerías y la pérdida de hábitat, específicamente los arrecifes de coral. Sin embargo, hay otros puntos de vista.

Reflections of the way life used to be: anthropology, history and the decline of the fish stocks in
Puerto Rico
VALDÉS-PIZZINI, M.

Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Litoral. Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Colegio de Artes y Ciencias de la Universidad de Puerto Rico en Mayagüez, PR 00681

Arguments explaining the decline in fish stocks for Puerto Rico are straightforward: Overfishing is the main culprit for the steady decline in landings over the last three decades. The data is self-explanatory, and the graphs clearly show peaks and sharp and steady declines in catches. Accordingly, fisheries’ management strategies focus on extractive activities and the seasonality of fishing to protect species through closures, Marine Protected Areas (MPA), and other regulations that reduce effort.
In this paper I propose a reverse approach: the examination of proximate human causes and driving forces that affect fish population dynamics and stocks. Not as a fundamental explanation for the decline, but to contextualize fishing, and overfishing, in a tropical-insular environment on a historical perspective. Ecosystem-based and adaptive management require innovative ways of looking at the data and the new forms of analysis. Understanding of the connectivity between the ecological, human, and managerial, systems on diverse spatiotemporal scales is a sine qua non condition. Here, I examine those connections by looking at a particular surface of processes and explanations: (1) Destruction of essential fish habitats, (2) Fish consumption and markets on a temporal (long duration) and global scale, (3) Policies to develop and retard fishing, (4) Coastal development and urban sprawl, and (5) The complex and fluid seascape of Caribbean fishing activities. If the argument holds water, then an adaptive and ecosystem-based management of fisheries must incorporate those processes in the management of the system.
KEY WORDS: ecosystem-based management, human dimensions, history

Reflexión sobre el pasado: antropología, historia y el colapso de los abastos pesqueros en Puerto Rico

El argumento principal para explicar el colapso de los abastos pesqueros es básicamente uno: La sobre-pesca es la actividad responsable por el proceso continuo de la merma en los desembarcos en las últimas décadas. Los datos se explican por sí solos, y las gráficas muestran claramente picos y descensos en las capturas. Por ende, las estrategias de manejo se concentran en las actividades extractivas y su temporalidad para proteger las especies por medio de cierre de áreas, áreas marinas protegidas y otras reglamentaciones que reducen el esfuerzo pesquero.

En éste trabajo propongo un enfoque contrario: el examen de las causas humanas próximas y las fuerzas motrices que impactan a las poblaciones de peces y los abastos. No como una explicación fundamental del desplome de los abastos, sino para contextualizar la pesca (y la sobre-pesca) en un entorno tropical-insular, y en una perspectiva histórica. El manejo adaptativo y el enfoque de los ecosistemas en el manejo requiere de formas innovadoras de mirar los datos y analizarlos. La comprensión de la conectividad entre los sistemas (ecológico, de manejo y humanos) en diversas escalas espacio-temporales es una condición sine qua non. Aquí examino esas conexiones auscultando un panorama de procesos: (1) Destrucción de hábitats esenciales para los peces, (2) Consumo y mercados de pescado en una escala temporal (de larga duración) y global, (3) Política pública desarrollista y retardataria de las pesquerías, (4) Desarrollo costero y desparramamiento urbano, y (5) El complejo y fluido paisaje pesquero del Caribe. Si el argumento es válido, entonces el manejo adaptativo y el enfoque de los ecosistemas debe incorporar esos procesos en el manejo del sistema total.

PALABRAS CLAVES: enfoque de ecosistemas en el manejo, dimensión humana, historia

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